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'' THE LITERATURE OF WAR '' : FROM HOMER to Mahmoud Darwish, war has shaped literature, and literature has shaped our understanding of war. The narratives of war, however, have evolved over the centuries.

FROM the earliest oral storytelling traditions to the E-books of today, people have never tired of sharing stories. The invention of paper, followed by the printing press, ensured stories traveled across cultures and time, with many translated into different languages to benefit readers across the world.

Literature allows the reader to step into another's shoes, to better understand people and events, and often resonates with the reader's own experience.

Stories are adapted for children, turned into theatre and film, and even expressed through dance or music. Literature can take many forms, including poetry, novels, drama, puppetry, comic books and graphic novels. The Literature of war has become a genre in itself.

IN the early European literature, war was the dominant, if not exclusive, theme in literature. Homer's ILiad and The Odyssey reflect the Greek culture of war, as did Virgil's The Aeneid in Roman culture.

Mediaeval European society continues this tradition, where masculine valour was measured by prowess in war. The War Poets of WW1 organised, perhaps for the first time, the fear and horror of soldiers at war faced with the brutality expected of them on the battlefield.

WWI redressed this imbalance, returning to war as heroism, especially through the new medium of cinema.

However, war became less glorious in subsequent decades, in particular in Vietnam and the ultimate ignominy of war in Afghanistan, in which tribals with no air force or army ousted a joint army of 51 nations, despite their advanced war technology.

NO LITERATURE has emerged of heroic battles from these wars other than accounts of the emotional toll on soldiers. More literature has been written by the ' other side ', such as Khalid Hossein's The Kite Runner and the lesser known A Fort Of Nine Towers by Qais Akbar Omar.

One of the important incentives for war is a belief in being on the right side of morality. Today politicians, supported by elements of the media under their control, have to work hard to present moral justifications for war.

It does not emerge naturally from society. Growing social media and independent reporting constantly question who holds the moral high ground. In many ways war journalism has replaced war literature.

The two World Wars are kept alive by marking Armistice Day of 1918 and D-Day of 1944 at ceremonies across Europe.

What if war was to be left out of history and literature and replaced with acts of humanity, the study of nature and inventions that improve the lives of people?

Would that make future generations work positively for a collective humanity?

It is this poet, Mahmoud Darwish, rather than the political leader, Yasser Arafat, who is considered the voice of the Palestinian People.

As a 12-year-old, he wrote a poem about Arabs forced to celebrate Israel's independence day. The next day, the military governor called him to his office to censure him.

The incident made him realise the power of poetry. '' The strong and mighty state of Israel gets upset by a poem I wrote.''

He came to believe poetry changes nothing but reminds people to feel, especially when curfews, displacement and bombardments become the norm. His poems have a disarming simplicity that goes to the core of Palestinian resistance:

''' And they question him why do you sing?

He answers to them as they seize him

Because I sing

And they searched him

In his breast only his heart

In his heart only his people

In his voice only his sorrow. '''

The Honour and Serving of the Latest Global Operational Research on the World, Students, Truths, Facts, Lessons and Writings, continues. The World Students Society thanks Durriya Kazi.

With most respectful dedication to the Leaders of the world, grandparents, parents, Global Founder Framers of !WOW!, and then Students, Professors and Teachers.

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